This is a schematic representation of a war cycle. During the period 1480-1945, the European State-System produced four accelerating war cycles. Together they constitute a dissipative structure. This dissipative structure […]
phase transition
A system always restores equilibrium (eventually)
A gradient can be understood as a “slope”. The gradient of a graph or series of measurements is the rate at which one set of amounts changes in relation to […]
